Historical Rocks Reveal When Earth’s Plate Tectonics Started

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Igneous rocks that shaped (from left) 3.43, 3.24, 3.18, 3.07, and a couple of.74 billion years in the past span from earlier than to after the onset of plate tectonics.Illustration: Quanta Journal; Jonas TuschNew knowledge indicating that the planet’s floor broke up about 3.2 billion years in the past helps make clear how shifting plates …
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Local weather Change Drove the American Mastodon to Extinction

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They migrated north to escape the heat but lost their genetic diversity, making them vulnerable to extinction. Today, some species face the same problem. This story originally appeared in The Guardian and is part of the Climate Desk collaboration. Genetic diversity could shrink as animals venture into new territories because of global heating, leaving them …

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