DNA Has 4 Bases. Some Viruses Swap in a Fifth

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{Photograph}: OMIKRON/Science SupplyDozens of viruses do not use the identical 4 nucleotide bases present in all different life. New work reveals how that is doable—and maybe extra widespread than we predict. All life on Earth rests on the identical basis: a four-letter genetic alphabet spelling out a repertoire of three-letter phrases that specify 20 amino …
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Historical Rocks Reveal When Earth’s Plate Tectonics Started

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Igneous rocks that shaped (from left) 3.43, 3.24, 3.18, 3.07, and a couple of.74 billion years in the past span from earlier than to after the onset of plate tectonics.Illustration: Quanta Journal; Jonas TuschNew knowledge indicating that the planet’s floor broke up about 3.2 billion years in the past helps make clear how shifting plates …
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